| 摘要(英) | This study investigated the characteristics of fingerprint compounds in the stack flue gases, fly ashes, and the surrounding ambient air of two municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs, A and B). Besides, we collected samples from possible pollution sources in the environment as the references to characterize the source of environmental pollution. The analyses of fingerprint compounds include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and water soluble ions. We use gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to analyze thirty-six PAHs, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to screen seventy metals, ion chromatography (IC) to analyze thirteen water soluble ions.
The results of the main characteristic fingerprint compounds on particulate matter are summarized as follows: (1) In the surrounding ambient air of plant A, the major PAHs are Nap, Phen, Flrt, Pyr, BaA, BbF, BeP, IcdP, BghiP and Cor. The major crust metals are Mg, Al, K, Ca and Fe, the major pollutant of the anthropogenic metals are V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Ba and Pb. (2) In the surrounding ambient air of plant B, the major PAHs are Phen, Flrt, Pyr, BaA, BbF, BeP, IcdP, BghiP and Cor. The major crust metals are Mg, K, Ca and Fe, the major pollutant of the anthropogenic metals are V, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Sr, Ba and Pb. The major water soluble anions are NO3-, Cl- and SO42-, the major water soluble cations are Na+, NH4+ and Ca2+.
The results of pollution source identification in the environment are summarized as follows: (1) In the surrounding ambient air of plant A on regular operation days, the PAHs mainly come from traffic exhausts, the metals largely come from various sources including oil-fumes, traffic exhausts, and incinerators. (2) In the surrounding ambient air during plant B maintenance period, the PAHs significantly come from traffic exhausts, the metals come from traffic exhaust at a.m., from traffic exhausts and oil-fumes at p.m. The water soluble ions mostly come from oil-fumes and incense ash. (3) In the surrounding ambient air on plant B regular operation days, the PAHs still come from traffic exhausts, the metals come from oil-fumes for the majority of sampling sites. The water soluble ions possibly come from sea.
|
|---|
| 參考文獻 | Ali-Mohamed, A.Y. and Jaffar, A.H., 2000. Estimation of atmospheric inorganic water-soluble aerosols in the western region of Bahrain by ion chromatography. Chemosphere, 2(1): 85-94.
Bostrom, C.E. et al., 2002. Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(S3): 451-88.
Buekens, A., Cornelis, E., Huang, H. and Dewettinck, T., 2000. Fingerprints of dioxin from thermal industrial processes. Chemosphere, 40(9-11): 1021-1024.
Bylina, B.G., Rakwic, B. and Pastuszka, J.S., 2005. Assessment of exposure to traffic-related aerosol and to particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Gliwice, Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 14(1): 117-123.
Capuano, F. et al., 2005. Environmental prospection for PCDD/PCDF, PAH, PCB and heavy metals around the incinerator power plant of Reggio Emilia town (Northern Italy) and surrounding main roads. Chemosphere, 58(11): 1563-1569.
Chang, M.B., Huang, C.K., Wu, H.T., Lin, J.J. and Chang, S.H., 2000. Characteristics of heavy metals on particles with different sizes from municipal solid waste incineration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 79(3): 229-39.
Cheng, Z.L., Lam, K.S., Chan, L.Y., Wang, T. and Cheng, K.K., 2000. Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong. I. Seasonal variation of major ions, halogens and mineral dusts between 1995 and 1996. Atmospheric Environment, 34(17): 2771-2783.
Chetwittayachan, T., Shimazaki, D. and Yamamoto, K., 2002. A comparison of temporal variation of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) concentration in different urban environments: Tokyo, Japan, and Bangkok, Thailand. Atmospheric Environment, 36(12): 2027-2037.
De Bartolomeo, A., Poletti, L., Sanchini, G., Sebastiani, B. and Morozzi, G., 2004. Relationship among parameters of lake polluted sediments evaluated by multivariate statistical analysis. Chemosphere, 55(10): 1323-1329.
Fang, G.C. et al., 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan, during 2002-2003. Atmospheric Environment, 38(21): 3385-3391.
Gogou, A., Stratigakis, N., Kanakidou, M. and Stephanou, E.G., 1996. Organic aerosols in eastern Mediterranean: components source reconciliation by using molecular markers and atmospheric back trajectories. Organic Geochemistry, 25(1-2): 79-96.
Goyal, P., Chan, A.T. and Jaiswal, N., 2006. Statistical models for the prediction of respirable suspended particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment 40(11): 2068-2077.
Guoa, H., Lee, S.C., Ho, K.F., Wang, X.M. and Zou, S.C., 2003. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmospheric Environment, 37(38): 5307-5317.
Gustavson, K. and Harkin, J., 2000. Comparison of sampling techniques and evaluation of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for monitoring polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Groundwater. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(20): 4445-4451.
Hartmann, P.C., Quinn, J.G., Cairns, R.W. and King, J.W., 2004. The distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Narragansett Bay surface sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 48(3-4): 351-8.
Hawthorne, S.B. and Grabanski, C.B., 2000. Vaporization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from sediments at ambient conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 34(20): 4348-4353.
He, P.J., Zhang, H., Zhang, C.G. and Lee, D.J., 2004. Characteristics of air pollution control residues of MSW incineration plant in Shanghai. Journal of Hazardous Materials 116(3): 229-37.
Hu, C.W. et al., 2003. Characterization of multiple airborne particulate metals in the surroundings of a municipal waste incinerator in Taiwan. Atmospheric Environment, 37(20): 2845-2852.
Johansson, I. and Bavel, B., 2003. Levels and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in incineration ashes. The Science of The Total Environment 311(1-3): 221-31.
Kalaitzoglou, M., Terzi, E. and Samara, C., 2004. Patterns and sources of particle-phase aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban and rural sites of western Greece. Atmospheric Environment, 38(16): 2545-2560.
Karlsson, V., Lauren, M. and Peltoniemi, S., 2000. Stability of major ions and sampling variability in daily bulk precipitation samples. Atmospheric Environment, 34(28): 4859-4865.
Kendall, M., Hamilton, R.S., Watt, J. and Williams, I.D., 2001. Characterisation of selected speciated organic compounds associated with particulate matter in London. Atmospheric Environment, 35(14): 2483-2495.
Khalili, N.R., Scheff, P.A. and Holsen, T.M., 1995. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 29(4): 533-542.
Lee, W.J., Liow, M.C., Tsai, P.J. and Hsieh, L.T., 2002. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from medical waste incinerators. Atmospheric Environment, 36(5): 781-790.
Liu, Q.T. et al., 2003. Accumulation of metals, trace elements and semi-volatile organic compounds on exterior window surfaces in Baltimore. Environmental Pollution, 122(1): 51-61.
Manoli, E., Kouras, A. and Samara, C., 2004. Profile analysis of ambient and source emitted particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from three sites in northern Greece. Chemosphere, 56(9): 867-78.
Masclet, P., Mouvier, G. and Nikolaou, K., 1986. Relative decay index and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmospheric Environment, 20(3): 439-446.
Miguel, A.H., Kirchstetter, T.W., Harley, R.A. and Hering, S., 1998. On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environmental Science & Technology, 32(4): 450-455.
Morselli, L., Passarini, F. and Bartoli, M., 2002. The environmental fate of heavy metals arising from a MSW incineration plant. Waste Management, 22(8): 875-81.
Oda, J., Nomura, S., Yasuhara, A. and Shibamoto, T., 2001. Mobile sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a roadway tunnel. Atmospheric Environment, 35(28): 4819-4827.
?vreb?, S. et al., 1995. Biological monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in a highly polluted area of Poland. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(9): 838-843
Ravindra, K. et al., 2006. Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities Atmospheric Environment, 40(4): 771-785.
Schnelle, J., J?nsch, T., Wolf, K., Gebef?gi, I. and Kettrup, A., 1995. Particle size dependent concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the outdoor air. Chemosphere 31(4): 3119-3127.
Soclo, H.H., Garrigues, P. and Ewald, M., 2000. Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coastal Marine Sediments: Case Studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) Areas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40(5): 387-396.
Venkataraman, C., Thomas, S. and Kulkarni, P., 1999. Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-gas/particle partitioning to urban aerosols. Journal of Aerosol Science, 30(6): 759-770.
W?hlin, P., Berkowicz, R. and Palmgren, F., 2006. Characterisation of traffic-generated particulate matter in Copenhagen. Atmospheric Environment, 40(12): 2151-2159.
Warshawsky, D., 1999. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carcinogenesis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107(4): 317-319.
Wey, M.Y., Chao, C.Y., Wei, M.C., Yu, L.J. and Liu, Z.S., 2000. The influence of heavy metals on partitioning of PAHs during incineration. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 77(1-3): 77-87.
Wingfors, H., Sjodin, A., Haglund, P. and Brorstrom-Lunden, E., 2001. Characterization and determination of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden. Atmospheric Environment, 35(36): 6361-6369.
Yang, H.H., Lai, S.O., Hsieh, L.T., Hsueh, H.J. and Chi, T.W., 2002. Profiles of PAH emission from steel and iron industries. Chemosphere, 48(10): 1061-74.
Yuan, C.S., Lin, H.Y., Wu, C.H. and Liu, M.H., 2005. Partition and size distribution of heavy metals in the flue gas from municipal solid waste incinerators in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 59(1): 135-45.
Yunker, M.B., Backus, S.M., Pannatier, E.G., Jeffries, D.S. and Macdonald, R.W., 2002. Sources and significance of alkane and PAH hydrocarbons in Canadian Arctic rivers. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 55(1): 1-31.
Zhu, L. and Wang, J., 2003. Sources and patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution in kitchen air, China. Chemosphere, 50(5): 611-8.
行政院環境保護署網頁. http://www.epa.gov.tw/
行政院環境保護署統計資料庫.
明延凱, 1998. 環境與人體健康. 地景企業股份有限公司.
袁中新, 1999. PM2.5及PM10之濃度與組成特徵. 南高屏地區空氣污染總量管制規劃－B1子計畫.
黃俊智, 2002. 焚化爐衍生空氣污染物特性分析之研究. 國立屏東科技大學環境工程與科學系碩士論文.
蔡祈政, 2000. 污染事件日大氣中PM10成份探討. 國立屏東科技大學環境工程與科學系碩士論文.
張順欽, 2004. 興建中都市垃圾焚化廠周遭環境中重金屬之特徵. 國立成功大學環境工程學系碩士論文.
賴臆雯, 2000. 大氣塵粒中多環芳香族粒徑分佈特性分析. 國立清華大學原子科學系碩士論文.
|
|---|
