| 參考文獻 | 壹、中文文獻
一、書籍
1. 丁道源，「刑事政策學」，作者自版，三民書局股份有限公司經銷，二○○二年九月初版。
2. 沙依仁，「高齡學」，五南圖書出版股份有限公司，一九九六年初版。
3. 林山田，「刑法通論」（下），作者自版，台大法學院圖書部經銷，一九九八年二月六版。
4. 林山田、林東茂、林燦璋合著，「犯罪學」，三民書局股份有限公司，二○○四年一月三版二刷。
5. 林茂榮、楊士隆合著，「監獄學 犯罪矯正原理與實務」，五南圖書出版有限公司，一九九九年六月二版四刷。
6. 林鈺雄，「刑事訴訟法」（下冊 各罪編），作者自版，全國各大書局經銷，二○○三年九月三版。
7. 柯慶賢，「刑法專題研究」，作者自版，三民書局股份有限公司經銷，一九九八年三月初版。
8. 徐立忠，「高齡社會與老人福利」，臺灣商務印書館股份有限公司，一九八三年二月初版。
9. 徐立忠，「老人問題與對策」，桂冠圖書股份有限公司，一九八九年一月初版。
10. 陳樸生，「實用刑法」，三民書局股份有限公司，一九八八年八月十二版。
11. 曾文星、徐靜，「新編精神醫學」，水牛圖書出版事業有限公司，二○○三年九月初版。
12. 黃富源、范國勇、張平吾，「犯罪學」，中央警察大學出版社，二○○三年四月再版。
13. 楊士隆、林茂榮合著，「犯罪矯正原理與實務」，五南圖書出版有限公司，一九九三年六月初版。
14. 劉作揖，「保安處分執行法論」，黎明文化事業公司，一九八三年十月。
15. 「學習式六法」，高點文化事業有限公司，二○○二年九月八版。
16. Michael Gelder，Richard Mayou，John Geddes原著；陳俊欽、歐麗清、方俊凱、徐堅棋、李郁芬、林嘉發編譯，「精神醫學」，藝軒圖書出版社，二○○一年初版。
二、論文
1. 丁道源，＜也談老人犯罪問題＞，警學叢刊，第三六卷第三期。
2. 林子涵，＜老人性侵害犯罪者的特徵與其形成因素之探討＞，中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文，二○○一年六月。
3. 林新發，＜老人犯罪影響因素之研究＞，中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文，二○○一年六月。
4. 許春金，＜年齡、犯罪與犯罪理論＞，中央警察大學犯罪防治學報，第四期。
5. 崔慈悌，＜台灣正式進入高齡化社會＞，工商時報，一九九九年十二月二十二日四版，收錄於「老人問題」，立法院國家圖書館出版，二○○○年二月。
6. 曾春典，＜老年人常見的疾病與防治概況＞，健康世界雜誌，第一二四期。
7. 張書森、黃宗正、廖士程，＜老年憂鬱症的流行病學和診斷＞，臺灣老年醫學會會訊，第四四期。
8. 趙怡婷，＜短期自由刑之檢視與展望＞，輔仁大學法律研究所碩士論文，二○○三年十二月。
9. 蔡墩銘，＜老人犯罪之問題＞，刑事法雜誌，第十九卷第六期。
10. 謝佳容、劉淑娟、張玨，＜從WHO心理衛生報告-探討臺灣地區老人的心理衛生問題和政策＞，護理雜誌，第五○卷第三期。
11. 蘇俊雄，＜死刑制度及理性批判＞，刑事法雜誌，第四四卷第一期。
三、其他
1. 張淳淙，＜行為罪數之理論與實務＞，二○○六年二月二十二日第一期新修正刑法研討會（台北場）。
2. 中華民國刑法及刑法施行法全文暨修正條文對照表，法務部印，二○○五年二月。
3. 民國九十二年臺灣地區男性主要癌症死因統計，行政院衛生署，資料來源：http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm。
4. 民國九十三年臺灣地區老年人口主要死亡原因，行政院衛生署，資料來源：http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm。
5. 民國九十三年臺灣地區老年人口主要死亡原因，行政院衛生署，資料來源：http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm。
6. 民國九十四年法務統計重要指標分析，法務部統計處，二○○六年三月。資料來源：http://www.moj.gov.tw/public/Attachment/632312393212.pdf。
7. 法務部矯正統計用詞解釋，二○○五年十二月修訂。資料來源：http://www.moj.gov.tw/ public/Attachment/5121610114047.doc。
8. 法務統計指標－地方法院檢察署執行裁判確定有罪人犯性別及年齡，法務部統計處，資料來源：http://www.moj.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=29317&CtNode=11609。
9. 臺閩地區性侵害犯罪統計，家庭暴力及性侵害防治委員會，資料來源：http://www.moi.gov.tw/violence。
10. 警政統計年報－臺閩地區警察機關受（處）理刑事案件嫌疑犯人數，內政部警政署。資料來源：http://www.npa.gov.tw/NPAGip/wSite/lp?ctNode= 11395&CtUnit=1740&BaseDSD =7。
11. 美國六十五歲以上老人的統計情況，美國老人事務局，資料來源：http://www.aoa.gov/PRESS/fact/translations/034064%20-%20ss_stat_profile%20-%20chinese.pdf。
貳、外文文獻
一、書籍
1. Aday, R.H. (1995). A preliminary report on Mississippi’s elderly prison population. Parchman: Mississippi Department of Corrections.
2. Aday, R.H. (2001). A comprehensive health assessment of aged and infirm inmates. Nashville, TN: Tennessee Department of Correction.
3. Aday, R.H. (2003). Aging Prisoners: Crisis in American Corrections. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
4. Atchley, R.C. (2000). Social forces and aging. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
5. Bailey, J. (1991). Legislature approves budget cuts: Cuts also endanger Central State chaplaincy program. Milledgeville, GA: Union Recorder.
6. Burnside, I., ＆ Schmidt, M.G. (1995). Working with older adults. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
7. Butler, R.N., Lewis, M., ＆ Sunderland, T. (1998). Aging and mental health. New York: Macmillan.
8. Cockerham, W.C. (2000). This aging society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
9. Cohen, S., ＆ Taylor, L. (1972). Psychological survival: The experience of long-term imprisonment. New York: Pantheon.
10. Ditton, P.M. (1999). Mental health and treatment of inmates and probationers. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
11. Douglass, R.L. (1991). Oldtimers: Michigan’s elderly prisoners. Lansing, MI: Michigan Department of Corrections.
12. Ebersole, P., ＆ Hess, P. (1998). Toward healthy aging. St. Louis: Mosby.
13. Eliopoulos, C. (1997). Gerontological nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
14. Fattah, E.A., ＆ Sacco, V.F. (1989). Crime and victimization of the elderly. New York: Springer-Verlag.
15. Glick, L. (1995). Criminology. Boston: allyn ＆ Bacon
16. Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
17. Hooyman, N., ＆ Kiyak, H.A. (1999). Social gerontology. Boston: Allyn ＆ Bacon.
18. Johnson, R., ＆ Toch, H. (1982). The pains of imprisonment. Belmont, CA: Sage Publications.
19. Knopp, H.F. (1984). Retraining adult sex offenders: Methods and models. Orwell, VT: Safer Society Press.
20. Kratcoski, P.C. (2000). Correctional counseling and treatment. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
21. McDonald, D.C. (1995). Managing prison health care and costs. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
22. National Institute of Corrections (1997). Prison medical care: Special needs populations and cost control. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
23. National Institute of Corrections (1998). Hospice and palliative care in prisons. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
24. Silverman, M., ＆ Vega, M. (1996). Corrections: A comprehensive view. New York: West.
25. Stinchcomb, J.B., ＆ Fox, V.B. (1999). Introduction to corrections. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
26. Toseland, R.K. (1995). Group work with the elderly and family caregivers. New York: Springer.
27. Walsh, C.E. (1991). Needs of older inmates in varying security settings. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University.
28. Winfree, L.T., & Abadinsky, H. (1996). Understanding crime: Theory and practice. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
二、論文
1. Adams, M.E., ＆ Vedder, C. (1961). Age and crime: Medical and sociological characteristics of prisoners over 50. Journal of Geriatrics, 16.
2. Aday, R.H. (1994). Aging in prison: A case study of new elderly offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 38(1).
3. Aday, R.H., ＆ Rosefield, H.A. (1992, Winter). Providing for the geriatric inmate: Implications for training. Journal of Correctional Training, 12.
4. Aday, R.H., ＆ Webster, E.L. (1979). Aging in prison: The development of a preliminary model. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 3(3).
5. American Correctional Association. (2001). Elderly inmates: Survey summary. Corrections Compendium, 26(5).
6. Anderson, J.C., ＆ Morton, J.B. (1989). Graying of the nation’s prisons presents new challenges. Aging Connection, 10.
7. Anderson, J.C., ＆ McGhee, D. (1991, August). South Carolina strives to treat elderly and disabled offenders. Corrections Today, 53.
8. Appleby, C. (1997). Going private to capture prison health care savings. Hospitals and Health Networks, 71(10).
9. Bachand, D.J. (1984). The elderly offender: An exploratory study with implications for continuing education of law enforcement personnel. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
10. Barak, Y., Perry, T., ＆ Elizur, A. (1995). Elderly criminals: A study of the first criminal offense in old age. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10.
11. Barnard, D. (1984). The personal meaning of illness: Client-centered dimensions of medicine and patient care. In R.F. Levant ＆ J.M. Shlien (Eds.), Client-centered therapy and the person-centered approach: New directions in theory, research, and practice. New York: Praeger.
12. Beck, A.J. (1997). Growth, change, and stability in the U.S. prison population, 1980-1995. Corrections Management Quarterly, 1(2).
13. Beiser, V. (1999, May 17). Pensioners or prisoners: Private penal nursing homes. Nation, 268.
14. Beyerlein, T. (1997, April 27). Prison grays. Dayton Daily News.
15. Black, C. (1989, June 12). Aging behind bars: Effects of the graying of America’s prisons. The Boston Globe.
16. Booth, D. (1989). Health status of the incarcerated elderly: Issues and concerns. Journal of Offender Counseling, Services and Rehabilitation, 13.
17. Braithwaite, R.L., Braithwaite, K., ＆ Poulson, R. (1998). HIV and TB in prison. Corrections Today, 60(2).
18. Champion, D.J. (1988). The severity of sentencing: Do federal judges really go easier on elderly felons in plea-bargaining negotiations compared with their younger counterparts? In B. McCarthy and R. Langworthy (Eds.), Older offenders: Perspectives in criminology and criminal justice. New York: Praeger.
19. Clark, C., & Mezey, G. (1997). Elderly sex offenders against children: A descriptive study of child sex abusers over the age of 65. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 8(2).
20. Coe, R.M. (1962). Institutionalization and self-conception. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Washington University, St. Louis.
21. Colsher, P.L., Wallace, R.B., Loeffelholz, P.L., ＆ Sales, M. (1992). Health status of older male prisoners: A comprehensive survey. American Journal of Public Health, 82.
22. Cowles, E.L. (1990). Program needs for long-term inmates. In Long-term confinement and the aging inmate population. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
23. Cully, J.A., LaVoie, D. ＆ Gfeller, J.D. (2001). Reminiscence, personality, and psychological functioning in older adults. Gerontologist, 41.
24. Cushing, M. (1986, December). Who says prisoners have a right to health care? American Journal of Nursing, 86.
25. Dugger, R.L. (1990). Life and death in prison. The Prison Journal, 7(1).
26. Faiver, K.L. (1998). Special issues of aging. In K.L. Faiver (Ed.), Health care management issues in corrections. Lanham, MD: American Correctional Association.
27. Ebersole, P., & Hess, P. (1998). Toward healthy aging. St.Louis: Mosby. Blazer, D.G. (1995). Anxiety disorders. In W.B. Abrams, M.H. Beers, ＆ R. Berkow (Eds.), The Merck manual of geriatrics. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories.
28. Ellsworth, T., ＆ Helle, K.A. (1994). Older offenders on probation. Federal probation, 58(4).
29. Falter, R.G. (1999). Selected predictors of Health service needs of inmates over age 50. Journal of Correctional Health care, 6.
30. Feinberg, G. (1984). White haired offenders: An emergent social problem. In W. Wilbanks ＆ P. Kim (Eds.), Elderly criminals . Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
31. Flanagan, T.J. (1982). Correctional policy and the long-term prisoner. Crime and Delinquency, 28.
32. Flanagan, T.J. (1985, September). Sentence planning for long-term inmates. Federal Probation, 69.
33. Flint, A.J. (1994). Epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151.
34. Flynn, E.E. (2000). Elders as perpetrators. In M.B. Rothman, B.D. Dunlop, ＆ P. Entzel (Eds.), Elders, crime and the criminal justice system. New York: Springer.
35. Gallagher, E.M. (1990). Emotional, social, and physical health characteristics of older men in prison. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 31.
36. Geotting, A. (1992). Patterns of homicide among the elderly. Violence and Victims, 7.
37. Goetting, A. (1983). The elderly in prison: Issues and perspectives. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 20.
38. Gove, W.R. (1985). The effect of age and gender on deviant behavior: A biopsychosocial perspective. In A.S. Rossi (Ed.), Gender and the life course . New York: Aldine.
39. Glaser, J.B., Warchol, A., D’Angelo, D., ＆ Guterman, H. (1990). Infectious diseases of geriatric inmates. Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 12.
40. Haberman, E.L. (2001, August). Mission seemingly impossible: Community place of chronic inmates. Corrections Today, 63.
41. Heinik, J., Kimhi, R., & Hes, J.P. (1994). Dementia and crime: A forensic psychiatry unit study in Israel. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 9.
42. Hemmens, C., ＆ Marquart, J.W. (2000). “Friend or foe? Race, age, and inmate perceptions of inmate-staff relations.” Journal of Criminal Justice, 28.
43. Henderson, C.W. (1998, November). Prison inmates wants kidney transplant. Transplant Weekly, 8.
44. Henn, P..A., Herjanic, M., ＆ Vanderpearl, R.H. (1976). Forensic psychiatry: Profiles of two types of sex offenders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 133.
45. Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1983). Age and the explanation of crime. American Journal of Sociology, 89.
46. Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. (1995). Control theory and the life course perspective. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 4.
47. Holman, J.R. (1997, March-April). Prison care: Our penitentiaries are turning into nursing homes. Can we afford it? Modern Maturity.
48. Holman, B. (1998). Nursing homes behind bars: The elderly in prison. Coalition for Federal Sentencing Reform, 2(1).
49. House, J. (1990). Age, socioeconomic status, and health. The Milbank Quarterly, 68.
50. Hucker, S.J., & Ben-Aron, M.H. (1984). Violent elderly offenders: A comparative study. In W. Wilbanks ＆ P.K. Kim (Eds.), Elderly criminals. Lanham: Maryland University Press.
51. Janssen, J.A., ＆ Giberson, D.L. (1988). Remotivation therapy. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 14(16).
52. Jennison, M.K. (1984). The violent offender: A research note. Federal Probation, 50(3).
53. Johnston, W., ＆ Alozie, B.O. (2001). The effect of age on criminal processing: Is there an advantage in being “older”? Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 35.
54. Jolin, A. (1985). Growing old and going straight: Examining the role of age in criminal career termination. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Portland State University, Portland, OR.
55. Koenig, H.G. (1995). Religion and older men in prison. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10.
56. Koenig, H.G., Johnson, S., Bellard, J., Denker, M., ＆ Fenlon, R. (1995). Depression and anxiety disorder among older male inmates at a federal correctional facility. Psychiatric Services, 46(4).
57. Kratcoski, P.C. (1990). Circumstances surrounding homicides by older offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17.
58. Kratcoski, P.C., & Pownall, G.A. (1989, June). Federal Bureau of Prisons programming for older inmates. Federal Probation, 53(2).
59. Krebs, J.J. (2000). The older prisoner: Social, psychological, and medical considerations. In M.B. Rothman, B.D. Dunlop, ＆ P. Entzen (Eds.), Elders, crime, and the criminal justice system. New York: Springer.
60. Marquart, J.W., Merianos, D.E., ＆ Doucet, G. (2000). The health-related concerns of older prisoners: Implications for policy. Aging and Society, 20.
61. Marquart, J.W., Merianos, D.E., Herbert, J.L., Carroll, L. (1997). Health condition and prisoners: A review of research and emerging areas of inquiry. Prison Journal, 77.
62. McCarthy, M. (1983, February). The health status of elderly inmates. Corrections Today, 45.
63. McNeilly H., & Burke, T., (1998). Stealing lately: A case of late-onset kleptomania. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(2).
64. Miller, N.S., Belkin, B.M., & Gold, M.S. (1991). Alcohol and drug dependence among the elderly. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 32.
65. Mishel, M.H. (1988). Uncertainty in illness. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 20.
66. Paradis, C., Broner, N., Maher, L., ＆ O’Rourke, T. (2000). Mentally ill elderly jail detainees: Psychiatric, psychosocial and legal factors. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 31(1/2).
67. Pelosi, A. (1997). Age of innocence: A glut of geriatric jailbirds. New Republic, 216(18).
68. Publishing Group.Cowan, C.A. (2001, Summer). National health expenditures, 1999. Health Care Financing Review, 22.
69. Rodstein, M. (1975). Crime and the aged: the criminals. Journal of the American Medical Association, 234.
70. Royer, A. (1995). Living with chronic illness. Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 12.
71. Sabath, M.J., ＆ Cowles, E.L. (1988). Factors affecting the adjustment of elderly inmates in prison. In B. McCarthy and R. Langworthy (Eds.), Older offenders: Perspectives in criminology and criminal justice. New York: Praeger.
72. Santos, M.G. (1995). Facing long-term imprisonment. In T.J. Flanagan (Ed.), Long-term imprisonment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
73. Seidlitz, A. (1998). Fixin to die: Hospice program opens at LSP-Angola. NPHA News, 5.
74. Sheppard, R., Demont, J., Jenish, D., Nicol, J., ＆ Macqeen, K. (2001, April). Growing old inside: After decades behind bars, how can aging, ailing inmates adjust to life in the real world? Maclean’s, 114.
75. Shichor, D. (1988). An exploratory study of elderly probationers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 32.
76. Smyer, T., Gragert, M.D., ＆ LaMere, S.H. (1997). Stay safe! Stay healthy! Surviving old age in prison. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 35(9).
77. Snider, D.E., ＆ Hutton, M. D. (1989). Tuberculosis in correctional institutions. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261.
78. Specter, D. (1994). Cruel and unusual punishment of the mentally ill in California prisons: A case study of a class action suit. Social Justice, 21.
79. Stead, W.W. (1981). Infections in nursing homes. New England Journal of Medicine, 324.
80. Stock, R.W. (1996, January 18). Inside prison, too, a population is aging. New York: Times, 14.
81. Vega, M., ＆ Silverman, M. (1988). Stress and the elderly convict. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 32.
82. Virkkunen, M. (1986). Insulin secretion during the glucose tolerance test among habitually violence and impulsive offenders. Aggressive Behaviors, 12.
83. Vitucci, J. (1999). Inmates with severe mental health increasing in jails and prisons. CorrectCare, 13.
84. Whiskin, F.E. (1968). Delinquency in the aged. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1.
85. Wilbanks, W., & Murphy, D.D. (1984). The elderly homicide offender. In E. Newman, D. Newman, and M. Gewirtz (Eds.), Elderly criminals. Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn ＆ Hain.
86. Wikberg, R., ＆ Foster, B. (1989). The long-termers: Louisiana’s longest serving inmates and why they’ve stayed so long. The Prison Journal, 80.
87. Will, G.F. (1998, July 20). A jail break for geriatrics. Newsweek, 70.
88. Williams, G.C. (1989). Elderly offenders: A comparison of chronic and new elderly offenders. Unpublished master’s thesis. Murfreesboro: Middle Tennessee State University.
89. Wilson, D.G., ＆ Vito, G.F. (1986). Imprisoned elderly: The experience of one institution. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 1.
90. Wood, V., ＆ Robertson, J.F. (1978). Friendship and kinship interaction: Differential effect on the morale of the elderly. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40.
91. Wright, K.N. (1988). The relationship of risk, needs, and personal classification systems and prison adjustment. Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency, 26.
92. Wright, K.N. (1993). Prison environment and behavior outcomes. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 20.
93. Yates, E. (1986). The influence of psychosocial factors on nonsensical shoplifting. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 30.
94. Yates, J., ＆ Gillespie, W. (2000). The elderly and prison policy. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 11(2-3).
95. Yates, E. (1986). The influence of psychosocial factors on nonsensical shoplifting. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 30.
96. Zemzars, I.S. (1984). Adjustment to health loss: Implications for psychosocial treatment. In S.E. Milligan (Ed.), Community health care for chronic physical illness: Issues and models. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University.
三、其他
1. Krane, J. (1999). Demographic revolution rocks U.S. prison. http://www.apbonline.com/cjsystem/behind_bars/oldprisoners
2. Glugover, S., ＆ Zwetchkenbaum, I. (1980). Community alternatives to arrest in shoplifting cases. Broward Senior Intervention and Education Program. Broward County, FL.
3. National Center for Health Statistics. (1995). Current estimates from the National Health Interview Survey: U.S. 1994. Vital and Health Statistics, series 10. Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.
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