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學校名稱輔仁大學
系所名稱食品營養學系
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研究生(中)陳兆怡
研究生(英)chen chao-yi
論文名稱(中)提升免疫調節的營養補充品--以紫錐花為例(綜論)
論文名稱(英)Dietary Supplement of Immunmodulation--Echinacea(A Review)
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指導教授(中)吳文勉
指導教授(英)
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國圖全文開放日期.2006.09.01
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學位類別碩士
畢業學年度94
出版年
語文別中文
關鍵字(中)膳食補充劑 紫錐花萃取物 免疫調節
關鍵字(英)dietary supplement Echinacea Extract immunmodulation
摘要(中)紫錐花萃取物 (Echinacea Extract, EE) 是被廣泛使用的植物藥草,1994年美國膳食補充劑健康與教育法 (Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act,DSHEA) 明確的將草本植物列為營養補充劑;另外在植物藥草發達的德國,紫錐花萃取物是一普遍為醫師用於治療感冒的處方用藥,近年實驗亦證實紫錐花萃取物具免疫調節之能力。研究已知的紫錐花活性成份包括:類黃酮 (flavonoids)、多醣體(ploy- saccharides)、烷醯胺(alkylamide)、聚乙炔 (polyacetylenes)、以及如咖啡酸衍生物 (caffeic acid derivatives)等多酚化合物 ( polyphenol),其對免疫細胞的影響如:刺激白血球的吞噬作用、強化自然殺手細胞之毒殺能力、調節細胞激素之分泌、促進抗體生成之免疫調節功效和清除自由基之作用。至目前為止,紫錐花萃取物被視為具高度安全性的植物藥草,副作用並不常見且輕微。本篇論文將近年有關紫錐花萃取物的科學報告及醫學臨床實驗作系統之整理,期望本篇綜論對於想要開發具免疫調節功效之草本植物或是植物性化合物(phyto- chemicals) 為營養補充品之研發人員,亦或是從事營養諮詢的人員有所助益。
摘要(英)Echinacea extract (EE) is widely known to be used as herbal medicine. According to the Dietary Supplements Health and Education Act (DSHEA) in 1994, it clearly classified botanicals as dietary supplement. Also in Germany, a country known to be well-advanced in phytomedicine research, Echinacea has already been highly recommended by doctors to be used as a common prescription to treat cold. Furthermore, recent studies have proven Echinacea can function as an extracting tool to provide immune-modulating potency. Studies have also discovered the active components of Echinacea including flavonoids, polysacchardes, alkylamide, polyphenols, caffeic acid derivatives , ployphenol and so on,which play beneficial roles on regulating the immune system. Many documents supported that Echinacea can activate the phagocttotic activity of phagocytes,enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells,modulating the secreting pattern of cytokine,promote the production of antibodies and also on scavenging free radical. Today,Echinacea is considerede as safest form of herbal medicines with only very minor side effect.This thesis will summarize the most recent scientific reports and clinical studies regarding Echinacea. The goal is to provide insights and benefit those who are interested in the further development in the area of herbal botanical and its effect on immunmodulating potency, researchers who are pursuing in the area of phytochemicals as nutrition supplement, dieticians, or nutrition consultants.
論文目次目錄 中文摘要………………………………………………………………Ⅰ 英文摘要………………………………………………………………Ⅱ 目錄……………………………………………………………………Ⅲ 表目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅶ 圖目錄…………………………………………………………………Ⅷ 縮寫表…………………………………………………………………Ⅹ 第一章 前言 ………………………………………………………1 第二章 國內外保健食品簡介 ………………………………………3 第一節 保健食品興起之原因………………………………3 第二節 保健食品相關名詞及定義…………………………4 2.2.1 功能性食品…………………………………4 2.2.2 膳食補充劑…………………………………4 2.2.3 營養藥物食品………………………………5 第三節 各國保健食品發展概況………………………… 6 2.3.1 日本…………………………………………6 2.3.2 美國…………………………………………7 2.3.3 台灣…………………………………………10 2.3.4 德國…………………………………………11 2.3.5 世界衛生組織 ……………………………11 第三章 免疫系統介紹………………………………………………13 第一節 自然和適應性免疫力 ……………………………13 第二節 參與免疫反應之細胞 ……………………………15 3.2.1. 淋巴細胞 ………………………………15 (1). T細胞 …………………………… 15 (2). B細胞 ………………………… 17 (3). 自然殺手細胞 …………………17 3.2.2. 吞噬細胞…………………………………20 (1). 白血球 ……………………………20 (2). 單核吞噬細胞 ……………………21 3.2.3. 樹突細胞…………………………………21 第三節 細胞激素 …………………………………………22 3.3.1. 細胞激素之定義…………………………22 3.3.2. 常見細胞之激素…………………………23 第四節 發炎反應………………………………………… 25 第四章 紫錐花………………………………………………………29 第一節 紫錐花之簡介……………………………………29 第二節 品種及活性指標成份……………………………32 第三節 毒性研究…………………………………………37 第四節 原料及製程………………………………………38 4.4.1. 試管內培養紫錐花技術…………………38 4.4.2. 紫錐花栽種條件…………………………39 4.4.3. 紫錐花製程對活性成份的影響…………40 (1). 乾燥過程 …………………………40 (2). 儲存條件 …………………………40 (3). 萃取方式 …………………………41 第五章 紫錐花萃取物活性成份之功能分析………………………43 第一節 紫錐花萃取物對自然免疫力之影響……………44 5.1.1. 巨噬細胞吞噬性…………………………44 5.1.2. 自然殺手細胞之毒殺活性………………57 5.1.3. 抗體依賴性細胞毒殺作用活性…………60 5.1.4. 紫錐花萃取物活化人類週邊血自然殺手 細胞之可能機制 ………………………64 5.1.5. 調節細胞激素之分泌……………………71 第二節 紫錐花萃取物對適應性免疫力之影響…………75 5.2.1. 促進特異性抗體之生成…………………75 第三節 紫錐花對細胞凋亡作用之影響…………………80 第四節 紫錐花清除自由基的能力之影響………………82 第六章 紫錐花使用方法……………………………………………86 第一節 應用於緩解發炎症狀……………………………86 6.1.1. 緩解發炎…………………………………86 6.1.2. 感冒的預防及治療………………………88 第二節 建議使用族群、使用方法和副作用……………90 第三節 使用紫錐花之禁忌………………………………92 第七章 紫錐花其它應用……………………………………………94 第一節 應用於獸病學上之功能…………………………94 7.1.1. 馬…………………………………………95 7.1.2. 豬…………………………………………101 7.1.3. 牛…………………………………………102 7.1.4. 毒性研究…………………………………104 第二節 癌症患者使用紫錐花的情形……………………105 第八章 結論…………………………………………………………109 第九章 參考文獻……………………………………………………111 表目錄 表一、 常見的細胞激素...................................... 24 表二、 發炎反應的媒介物.................................... 28 表三、 經EPS激活後的巨噬細胞的活性........................ 45 表四、 經EPS激活後的巨噬細胞IL-10分泌量.................... 46 表五、 經EPS或LPS激活後B細胞的增殖...................... 47 表六、 以安慰劑、LPS或不同劑量E.E激活老鼠巨噬細胞24、30及48小時後細胞激素分泌與劑量關係表....................56 表七、 投予老鼠紫錐花萃取物後血液中IL-2之濃度變化.......... 74 表八、 餵予不同劑量紫錐花對快速成長期之豬隻以豬丹毒抗原致免免後,血漿中特異性抗體生成量之影響................................................79 表九、 紫錐花每日攝取建議量.....................................91 表十、 巴淋巴癌患者不宜使用之藥草補充劑..........................107 圖目錄 圖一 血液淋巴細胞移往感染部位之程序..................... 27 圖二 紫錐花外觀....................................... 31 圖三 藥用植物紫錐花成份中的主要酚類化合物............... 33 圖四 紫錐花成份中的烷醯胺種類......................... 35 圖五 紫錐花成份中的類黃酮結構......................... 36 圖六 SD大鼠管灌餵食四天E.E後對其肺泡巨噬細胞吞噬活性 影響.....................................................49 圖七 SD大鼠管灌餵食四天E.E肺泡巨噬細胞體外添加LPS後釋放一氧化氮量.....................................51 圖八 經投予老鼠E.E激活巨噬細胞後其所分泌的TNF-α 量................................................53 圖九 經投予老鼠E.E激活巨噬細胞後其所分泌的TNF-α和測得的亞硝酸鹽與所投予的E.E濃度具有劑量的關係........54 圖十 自健康人體、慢性疲勞症狀或後天免疫缺乏症候群病人的週邊血液單核球中分離出自然殺手細胞作體外添加E.E後其對自然殺手細胞毒殺活性之影響.................... 62 圖十一 自健康人體、慢性疲勞症狀、後天免疫缺乏症候群病人的週邊血液單核球分離出自然殺手細胞進行體外添加E.E後其對抗體依賴性細胞毒殺作用之影響......... 63 圖十二 體外添加E.E後對殺手細胞與目標細胞結合之影響...... 67 圖十三 E.E對自然殺手細胞的CD56+抗原表現之影響............ 68 圖十四 E.E對淋巴求表現CD16和CD69表面抗原分子之影響........ 70 圖十五 紫錐花治療組與控制組對大鼠KLH抗原專一性的抗體平均生成量之比較......................................77 圖十六 體外添加E. 體外添加E.E對BALB/c小鼠脾臟淋巴細胞之細胞凋亡作用的影響..............................................................81 圖十七 紫錐花酚類化合物之結構.....................................85 圖十八 經口投予紫錐花42天期間內馬週邊血中的嗜中性白血球所吞入之酵母菌平均個數..............................................................97 圖十九 投予馬紫錐花治療35天後平均淋巴球總數顯著高於控制組.........98 圖二十 經口投予馬紫錐花42天平均紅血球數目的變化..................99 圖二十一 經口投予馬紫錐花42天後平均血紅素濃度之變化................100 縮寫表 Ab antibody ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity AIDS aquired immunodeficiency syndrome APCs antigens-presenting cells CAMs complementary alternative medicines CFS chronic fatigue syndrome CTL cytolytic T lymphocyte DC dendritic cell DSHEA dietary Supplement Health and Education Act DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl DTH delayed type hypersensitivity E.E echinacea extracts FDA Food and Drug Adminstration FasL Fas ligand GM-CSF GRAS granulocyte-marcophage colony-stimulating factor generally regarded as safe for consumption HLA HIV human leucocyte antigen human immuneodeficiency virus IFN-γ interferon-γ IFN-α interferon-α IFN-β interferon-β IgE immunoglobulin E IgG Immunoglobulin G IgM Immunoglobulin M IL-1 interleukin-1 IL-2 interleukin-2 IL-4 interleukin-4 IL-5 interleukin-5 IL-6 interleukin-6 IL-9 interleukin-9 IL-10 interleukin-10 IL-13 interleukin-13 KIR killer cell inhibitory receptor KLH Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin LPS lipopolysaccharide MCP-1 MIP-1α MHC macrophage-chemokine protein-1 macrophage inflammation protein-1α major histocompatibility complex NK cell natural killer cell NO Nitric oxide PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells PMN polymorphonuclear leukocyte TCR T cell antigen receptor Th1 type 1 helper T cell Th2 type 2 helper T cell TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α TNF-β tumor necrosis factor-β URI Upper respiratory infection WHO World Health Organization
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